Ad-Hoc and Infrastructure Modes

When architecting an 802.11 network, there are two modes in which you can operate: Ad-Hoc and Infrastructure. In Ad-Hoc mode (see image above), sometimes called “IBSS” or “Independent Basic Services Set”, all devices operate in a peer-to-peer mode.There are no access points used in this topology, as all devices communicate directly with all other devices.
In Infrastructure mode, an AP is connected to a wired infrastructure (such as Ethernet) and all of the wireless devices communicate with the AP. Even if two wireless devices are located right next to each other, all communication between the devices occurs through an AP. When using Infrastructure mode, a collection of wireless devices connected to an AP is referred to as a Basic Service Set (BSS).
If two or more BSSs are connected together using a “Distribution System” (such as wired Ethernet), the collection of BSSs is referred to as an Extended Service Set (ESS).

802.11b

For many years, 802.11b was widely regarded as the most popular form of Wi-Fi. It utilizes frequencies in the 2.4 GHz range (2.400–2.485GHz) and has 11 channels. However, only three of these channels are truly non-overlapping. See Table 1.1 for a list of all channels.The range (distance) for 802.11b can vary widely, but each access point (with default antennas) typically covers a few hundred feet (indoors) or a few thousand feet (outdoors).With specialized, external antennas, this range can be greatly increased. 802.11b operates in the Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) unlicensed spectrum.

The top speed for 802.11b is 11 Mbps, but it will auto-negotiate down to rates of 5.5, 2, and 1 Mbps as the signal strength deteriorates.These speeds include a relatively high amount of “overhead,” as required by the protocol to operate. Keep in mind that actual throughput (for all 802.11 flavors) is typically about 50–60 percent of the advertised speeds. In other words, even under ideal circumstances, the actual data throughput (say, transferring a file) is usually around a maximum of 5–6 Mbps.
So many people have discovered the joys of wireless networking that 802.11b is quickly becoming a victim of its own success. Specifically, the level of Wi-Fi congestion found in any major metropolitan area is raising the RF noise floor and rendering many long distance links unusable.The pros and cons of 802.11b are as follows:

• Upside: Most popular and widely available; least expensive; good coverage
• Downside: Relatively slow speed; interference from other 2.4 GHz devices; only three nonoverlapping channels